An Exploratory Study to identify the Prevalence and Pre-Disposing factors of selected Psychological problems among High School Children in selected Schools of Mohali, Punjab.

 

Jyotsna^1*, Khoinaijam Nitakumari²

¹Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab, India.

²Associate Professor, Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali, Punjab, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

School going children are emerging as creative person who are preparing for their future role in society. The surroundings at school are going to make a great change in the children’s psychological characteristics. School age is an important period in which the child learns through a formal teaching. Another important factor is parental and family factor which have both positive and negative influence on the child’s psychological and behavioral growth. The study aimed to identify the prevalence and pre-disposing factors of selected psychological problems among high school children in selected school of Mohali, Punjab. A quantitative approach with exploratory research design was adopted. It included 300 high school students of 9^th and 10^th standard selected by purposive sampling technique in Shivalik Public School and GEM public school of Mohali, Punjab. Study findings revealed that 12.67% subjects were having depression, 18.66% were having anxiety, 34% were having both depression and anxiety, and 34.67% did not have any of the selected psychological problem. The identified pre-disposing factors were parental and family factors, physical factors, psychological and emotional factors, social and environmental factors, economical factors and individual factors. There was no significant association of selected psychological problems with the selected socio-demographic variables.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

School age is an important period in which the child learns through a formal teaching. The surroundings at home and school are going to make a great change in the child’s psychological characteristics¹. School age is a time for developing skills that will be needed in the society. At school, the child has the task of formal learning that will continue throughout childhood and adolescence.²

 

Just as adults, children too suffer from psychological problem. These may be simple behavioral, emotional or learning problems to complex psychological problems³. The psychological problems are the disorder of mind involving thoughts, behavior and emotions that cause either self or other significant distress. Common psychological problems that children face in school are depression and anxiety⁴.

 

A variety of environmental characteristics have been identified as risk factors for depression and early life stressors, such as childhood physical abuse, parental neglect, and loss of a parent have been shown to significantly increase the probability of developing depression later in life.  The genetic contribution to depressive disorders is estimated to be approximately 30 to 40%.⁵

 

OBJECTIVES:

·         To identify the prevalence of selected psychological problems among high school children.

·         To identify the pre-disposing factors of selected psychological problems among high school children.

·         To associate the findings with the selected socio-demographic variables.

 

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

A quantitative research approach was adopted for the study with exploratory research design to achieve the objectives of the study. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to draw sample of 300 high school children (9^th and 10^th standard) in Shivalik Public School and GEM Public School of district Mohali who fulfilled inclusion criteria. To accomplish the objectives of the study, Beck’s Depression Inventory and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) were used to identify the prevalence of selected psychological problems and self-structured checklist was used to identify the pre-disposing factors of selected psychological problems among high school children.

 

Inclusion criteria:

The study includes the high school children of selected schools of district Mohali:-

·         Who were willing to participate in the study

·         Who were available during data collection period

·         Who were able to read and write English.

 

Exclusion criteria:

The study excludes the high school children of selected schools of district Mohali:-

·         Who were not willing to participate in the study.

 

RESULTS:

SECTION – I:

TABLE-1: Frequency and percentage distribution of selected socio-demographic variables. N = 300

S.N.	Socio-Demographic Variables	Frequency (f)	Percentage (%)
1	Age of child (in years) 13-14 15-16 17-18	82 209 9	27.3 69.7 3
2	Gender of Child Boy Girl	178 122	59.3 40.7
3	Class of Child 9th standard 10th standard	150 150	50 50
4	Type of family Nuclear family Joint family Single parent family	181 94 25	60.3 31.3 8.4
5	Number of siblings 0 1 ≥2	44 195 61	14.7 65 20.3
6	Monthly income of Family ≤10,000 10,001-20,000 >20,000	57 82 161	19 27.3 53.7
7	Family history of psychological problems Yes No	6 294	2 98

 

The above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of socio-demographic variables such as age of the child(in years), gender of child, class of child, type of family, number of siblings, monthly income of family, and family history of psychological problems.

 

According to age of child, majority (69.7%) of high school children were in the age group of 15-16 years, 27.3% were in age group of 13-14 years and only 3% were in age group of 17-18 years.

 

According to gender of child, 59.3% were boys and rest of the high school children (40.7%) were girls.

 

According to class of child, 50% of the high school children belong to 9^th standard and the remaining 50% belongs to 10^th standard.

 

According to type of family, 60.3% of the high school children belong to nuclear family, 31.3% belongs to joint family and only 8.4% belongs to single parent family.

 

According to number of siblings, 65% of the high school children had 1 sibling, 20.3% subjects had 2 siblings and 14.7% high school children did not have any sibling.

 

According to monthly family income, 53.7% of the high school children have monthly family income of more than Rs 20,000, 27.3% have monthly family income of 10,001-20,000   and 19% of the high school children have monthly family income of less than 10,000.

 

According to family history of psychological problems, 98% of the high school children have no family history of psychological problems whereas 2% high school children have family history of psychological problems.

 

SECTION II:

TABLE 2: Prevalence of selected psychological problems among high school children                                                           N = 300

Prevalence of psychological problems	Frequency (f)	Percentage (%)
Depression	38	12.67
Anxiety	56	18.66
Both depression and anxiety	102	34
No prevalence	104	34.67

 

The above table shows the prevalence of selected psychological problems. Out of 300 high school children, 38 (12.67%) were having depression, 56 (18.66%) were having anxiety, 102 (34%) were having both depression and anxiety, and 104 (34.67%) did not have any of the selected psychological problem.

 

SECTION – III:

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS OF DEPRESSION

TABLE 3.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of depression.                                         N = 38

Sr.No	Parental and family factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My parents have conflicts with me.	12	31.57
b.	My parents are not happy with me.	12	31.57
c.	My parents are divorcee.	1	2.63
d.	I have a single parent.	4	10.52
e.	My parents do not have time for me.	7	18.42
f.	My parents are overprotective for me.	13	34.21
g.	My parents do not show any concern for me.	8	21.05
h.	My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression.	0	0

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of depression:

In parental and family factors  out of 38, 12 (31.57%) subjects says “My parents have conflicts with me”, 12 (31.57%) subjects says “My parents are not happy with me”,  1(2.63%) says “My parents are divorcee”, 4 (10.52%) subjects says “I have a single parent”, 7(18.42%) subjects says “My parents do not have time for me”,  13(34.21%) subjects says “My parents are overprotective for me”, 8(21.05%) subjects says “My parents do not show any concern for me”,  0(0%) subjects says “My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression”.

 

TABLE 3.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of depression. N = 38

Sr.No	Physical factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive.	11	28.94
b.	I am worried about physical problems.	18	47.36
c.	I am having physical disability.	6	15.78

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of depression:

 

In physical factors  out of 38, 11(28.94%) subjects says “I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive” , 18(47.36%) subjects says “I am worried about physical problems” and  6(15.78%) subjects says “I am having physical disability”.

 

 

 

TABLE 3.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of depression.            N = 38

Sr.No.	Psychological and Emotional factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)	11	28.94
b.	I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age.	18	47.36
c.	I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades.	25	65.78
d.	I always worry about what other people says about me.	26	68.42

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of depression:

In psychological and emotional factors out of 38, 11(28.94%) subjects say “I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)”, 18(47.36%) subjects says “I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age”, 25(65.78%) subjects says “I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades” and 26(68.42%) subjects says “I always worry about what other people says about me”.

 

TABLE 3.4: Frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of depression.                                   N = 38

Sr.No.	Social and Environmental factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My peer group does not understand me.	11	28.94
b.	I feel very nervous in social group	12	31.57
c.	My teachers do not like me.	7	18.42
d.	The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline.	11	28.94

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of depression:

In social and environmental factors out of 38, 11(28.94%) subjects says “My peer group does not understand me”, 12(31.57%) subjects says “I feel very nervous in social group”, 7(18.42%) subjects says “My teachers do not like me” and 11(28.94%) subjects says “The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline”.

 

TABLE 3.5: Frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of depression. N = 38

Sr. No.	Economical factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I do not get enough pocket money from my parents.	11	28.94
b.	My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands.	4	10.52
c.	My belongings/possessions are cheap in quality.	6	15.78

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of depression:

In economical factors out of 38, 11(28.94%) subjects say “I do not get enough pocket money from my parents”, 4(10.52%) subjects says “My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands” and 6(15.78%) subjects says “My belongings/possessions are cheap in quality”.

 

TABLE 3.6: Frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of depression. N = 38

Sr. No.	Individual factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I am not confident in my work.	13	34.21
b.	I am not able to concentrate in my studies.	13	34.21
c.	I worry about how well I do things.	20	52.63
d.	I don’t like to be away from my family.	23	60.52
e.	I worry a lot about school work and exams.	28	73.68
f.	I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier.	21	55.26
g.	I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities.	13	34.21
h.	I feel that I have let myself or my parents down.	8	21.05

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of depression:

In individual factors out of 38, 13(34.21%) subjects says “I am not confident in my work”, 13(34.21%) subjects says “I am not able to concentrate in my studies”, 20(52.63%) subjects says “I worry about how well I do things”, 23(60.52%) subjects says “I don’t like to be away from my family”, 28(73.68%) subjects says  “I worry a lot about school work and exams”, 21(55.26%) subjects says “I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier” , 13(34.21%) subjects says “I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities” and 8(21.05%) subjects says “I feel that I have let myself or my parents down”. 

 

SECTION – IV:

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS OF ANXIETY

TABLE 4.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of anxiety.N = 56

Sr. No.	Parental and family factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My parents have conflicts with me.	22	39.28
b.	My parents are not happy with me.	5	8.92
c.	My parents are divorcee.	1	1.78
d.	I have a single parent.	1	1.78
e.	My parents do not have time for me.	9	16.07
f.	My parents are overprotective for me.	31	55.35
g.	My parents do not show any concern for me.	11	19.64
h.	My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression.	4	7.14

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of anxiety:

In parental and family factors  out of 56, 22(39.28%) subjects says “My parents have conflicts with me” , 5(8.92%) subjects says “My parents are not happy with me”,  1(1.78%) says “My parents are divorcee” , 1(1.78%) subjects says “I have a single parent” , 9(16.07%) subjects says “My parents do not have time for me”,  31(55.35%) subjects says “My parents are overprotective for me”, 11(19.64%) subjects says “My parents do not show any concern for me”,  4(7.14%) subjects says “My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression”.

 

TABLE 4.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of anxiety.N = 56

Sr. No.	Physical factors	YES
		f	%
a.	I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive.	15	26.78
b.	I am worried about physical problems.	27	48.21
c.	I am having physical disability.	8	14.28

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of anxiety:

In physical factors  out of 56, 15(26.78%) subjects says “I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive” , 27(48.21%) subjects says “I am worried about physical problems” and  8(14.28%) subjects says “I am having physical disability”.

 

TABLE 4.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of anxiety. N = 56

Sr.No	Psychological and Emotional factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)	26	46.42
b.	I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age.	21	37.5
c.	I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades.	38	67.85
d.	I always worry about what other people says about me.	31	55.35

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of anxiety:

In psychological and emotional factors out of 56, 26(46.42%) subjects say “I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)”, 21(37.5%) subjects says “I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age”, 38(67.85%) subjects says “I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades” and 31(55.35%) subjects says “I always worry about what other people says about me”.

TABLE 4.4: Frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of anxiety. N = 56

Sr. No.	Social and Environmental factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My peer group does not understand me.	18	32.14
b.	I feel very nervous in social group	19	33.92
c.	My teachers do not like me.	9	16.09
d.	The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline.	17	30.35

 

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of anxiety:

In social and environmental factors out of 56, 18(32.14%) subjects says “My peer group does not understand me”, 19(33.92%) subjects says “I feel very nervous in social group”, 9(16.09%) subjects says “My teachers do not like me” and 17(30.35%) subjects says “The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline”.

 

TABLE 4.5: Frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of anxiety.N = 56

Sr. No.	Economical factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I do not get enough pocket money from my parents.	12	21.42
b.	My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands.	7	12.5
c.	My belongings/possessions are cheap in quality.	10	17.85

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of anxiety:

In economical factors out of 56, 12(21.42%) subjects say “I do not get enough pocket money from my parents”, 7(12.5%) subjects says “My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands” and 10 (17.85%) subjects says “My belongings /possessions are cheap in quality”.

 

TABLE 4.6: Frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of anxiety.                                                                  N = 56

Sr. No.	Individual factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I am not confident in my work.	22	39.28
b.	I am not able to concentrate in my studies.	19	33.92
c.	I worry about how well I do things.	30	53.57
d.	I don’t like to be away from my family.	33	58.92
e.	I worry a lot about school work and exams.	35	62.5
f.	I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier.	27	48.28
g.	I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities.	19	33.92
h.	I feel that I have let myself or my parents down.	11	19.64

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of anxiety:

In individual factors out of 56, 22(39.28%) subjects says “I am not confident in my work”, 19(33.92%) subjects says “I am not able to concentrate in my studies”, 30(53.57%) subjects says “I worry about how well I do things”, 33(58.92%) subjects says “I don’t like to be away from my family”, 35(62.5%) subjects says  “I worry a lot about school work and exams”, 27(48.28%) subjects says “I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier” , 19(33.92%) subjects says “I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities” and 11(19.64%) subjects says “I feel that I have let myself or my parents down”. 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION - V

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PRE-DISPOSING FACTORS OF BOTH DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

 

 

TABLE 5.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of both depression and anxiety. N = 102

Sr.No.	Parental and family factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My parents have conflicts with me.	47	46.07
b.	My parents are not happy with me.	32	31.37
c.	My parents are divorcee.	9	8.82
d.	I have a single parent.	7	6.86
e.	My parents do not have time for me.	27	26.47
f.	My parents are overprotective for me.	54	52.94
g.	My parents do not show any concern for me.	22	21.56
h.	My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression.	6	5.88

 

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of parental and family factors of both depression and anxiety:

In parental and family factors  out of 102, 47(46.07%) subjects says “My parents have conflicts with me” , 32(31.37%) subjects says “My parents are not happy with me”,  9(8.82%) says “My parents are divorcee” , 7(6.86%) subjects says “I have a single parent” , 27(26.47%) subjects says “My parents do not have time for me”,  54(52.94%) subjects says “My parents are overprotective for me”, 22(21.56%) subjects says “My parents do not show any concern for me”,  6(5.88%) subjects says “My parents/grandparents/ other blood relatives have history of anxiety and/or depression”.

 

 

TABLE 5.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of both depression and anxiety.                               N = 102

Sr. No.	Physical factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive.	43	42.15
b.	I am worried about physical problems.	50	49.01
c.	I am having physical disability.	17	16.66

 

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of physical factors of both depression and anxiety:

In physical factors  out of 102, 43(42.15%) subjects says “I feel there are changes in my appearance that make me look unattractive” , 50(49.01%) subjects says “I am worried about physical problems” and  17(16.66%) subjects says “I am having physical disability”.

 

 

 

 

TABLE 5.3: Frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of both depression and anxiety.                                                                                N = 102

Sr.No.	Psychological and Emotional factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)	43	42.1
b.	I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age.	42	41.17
c.	I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades.	66	64.70
d.	I always worry about what other people says about me.	63	61.76

 

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of psychological and emotional factors of both depression and anxiety:

 

In psychological and emotional factors out of 102, 43(42.1%) subjects say “I lost my loved one. (Grandparents, Parents, Brother, Sister, Peer etc)”, 42(41.17%) subjects says “I am not popular amongst other kids of my own age”, 66(64.70%) subjects says “I constantly think about what my parents will say if I will get poor grades” and 63(61.76%) subjects says “I always worry about what other people says about me”.

 

 

 

TABLE 5.4: Frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of both depression and anxiety.      N = 102

Sr.No.	Social and Environmental factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	My peer group does not understand me.	37	36.27
b.	I feel very nervous in social group	51	50
c.	My teachers do not like me.	27	26.47
d.	The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline.	42	41.17

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of social and environmental factors of both depression and anxiety:

 

In social and environmental factors out of 196, 37(36.27%) subjects says “My peer group does not understand me”, 51(50%) subjects says “I feel very nervous in social group”, 27(26.47%) subjects says “My teachers do not like me” and 42(41.17%) subjects says “The school environment is very stressful because of strict discipline”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 5.5: Frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of both depression and anxiety.                               N = 102

Sr.No.	Economical Factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I do not get enough pocket money from my parents.	28	27.45
b.	My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands.	20	19.60
c.	My belongings/possessions are cheap in quality.	19	18.62

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of economical factors of both depression and anxiety:

In economical factors out of 102, 28(27.45%) subjects says “I do not get enough pocket money from my parents”, 20(19.60%) subjects says  “My parents do not have enough money to fulfill my demands” and 19(18.62%) subjects says “My belongings/possessions are cheap in quality”.

 

 

 

TABLE 5.6: Frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of both depression and anxiety.                                N = 102

Sr. No.	Individual Factors	Yes
		f	%
a.	I am not confident in my work.	42	41.17
b.	I am not able to concentrate in my studies.	49	48.03
c.	I worry about how well I do things.	75	73.52
d.	I don’t like to be away from my family.	66	64.70
e.	I worry a lot about school work and exams.	73	71.56
f.	I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier.	54	52.94
g.	I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities.	39	38.23
h.	I feel that I have let myself or my parents down.	35	34.31

 

 

Above table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of individual factors of both depression and anxiety:

 

In individual factors out of 102, 42(41.17%) subjects says “I am not confident in my work”, 49(48.08%) subjects says “I am not able to concentrate in my studies”, 75(73.52%) subjects says “I worry about how well I do things”, 66(64.70%) subjects says “I don’t like to be away from my family”, 73(71.56%) subjects says  “I worry a lot about school work and exams”, 54(52.94%) subjects says “I have lost all of my interest in things which I used to enjoy earlier” , 39(38.23%) subjects says “I feel I am poor in co-curricular activities” and 35(34.31%) subjects says “I feel that I have let myself or my parents down”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION –VI

TABLE 6: Association of selected psychological problems with selected socio-demographic variables. N = 196

Sr.No.	Socio – demographic variables	Prevalence of selected psychological problems			χ2  df, p-value
		Depression n1 = 38	Anxiety n2 = 56	Both depression and anxiety n3 = 102
		f1	f2	f3
1.	Age of child (in years) 13-14 15-16 17-18	15 23 0	12 42 2	19 80 3	.735NS, 4, .102
2.	Gender of Child Boy Girl	23 15	35 21	58 46	.966NS, 2, .617
3.	Class of Child 9th standard 10th standard	28 10	24 32	49 53	9.651NS, 2, .080
4.	Type of family Nuclear family Joint family Single parent family	22 13 3	38 16 2	55 37 10	3.681NS, 4, .451
5.	Number of siblings 0 1 ≥2	5 27 6	5 39 12	12 65 25	1.700NS, 4, .791
6.	Monthly income of Family ≤10,000 10,001-20,000 >20,000	10 8 20	8 18 30	20 24 58	3.237NS, 4, .519
7.	Family history of psychological problems Yes No	0 38	1 55	4 98	1.897NS, 2, .387

NS – Non Significant p<0.05

 

Above table depicts the Association of selected psychological problems with selected socio-demographic variables among high school children which was calculated by using chi square with software application.

 

According to age of child (in years), the obtained χ2 value (7.735, .102) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with the age of child (in years).

 

According to gender of child, the obtained χ2 value (.966, .617) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with the gender of child.

 

According to class of child, the obtained χ2 value (9.651, .080) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with class of child.

 

According to type of family, the obtained χ2 value (3.681, .451) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with type of family.

According to number of siblings, the obtained χ2 value (1.700, .791) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with number of siblings.

According to monthly income of family, the obtained χ2 value (3.237, .519) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with monthly income of family.

 

According to family history of psychological problems, the obtained χ2 value (1.897, .387) was statistically non significant (p<0.05). So it shows that there is no association of selected psychological problems with family history of psychological problems

Hence there is no significant association of selected psychological problems with the selected socio-demographic variables.

 

CONCLUSION:

It is concluded that there is prevalence of selected psychological problems (depression, anxiety) among high school children in schools. The identified pre-disposing factors of depression and anxiety are parental and family factors, physical factors, psychological and emotional factors, social and environmental factors, economical factors, and individual factors.

 

DISCUSSION:

The findings of the present study revealed that according to age of child, the majority of high school children (69.7%) were ranges in 15-16 years of age, 59.3% were boys, 50% high school children were from 9^th standard whereas remaining 50% were from 10^th standard, 60.3% high school children belongs to nuclear family, 65% had 1 sibling, 53.7% were having more than 20,000 monthly family income, 98% high school children were having no history of psychological problems in family.

 

The selected psychological problems include depression and anxiety. 38 (12.67%) subjects were having depression, 56 (18.66%) subjects were having anxiety, 102 (34%) subjects were having both depression and anxiety, and 104 (34.67%) subjects did not have any of the selected psychological problem.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the participants of study who had spent their valuable time for giving the information. Grateful acknowledgement is extended to Dr. Sushil Maheshwari for the valuable help in statistical analysis.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There was no conflict of interest in the study.

 

SOURCE OF FUNDING:

Self.

 

ETHICAL CLEARANCE:

·         Formal permission for research study was obtained from the Principal of Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali.

·         Formal permission for research study was obtained from the Ethical committee of Mata Sahib Kaur College of Nursing, Mohali.

·         Formal written permission was taken from principal of GEM Public school and Shivalik Public school, Mohali to conduct the study.

·         Researcher explained the purpose of the study to the subjects and had written consent for their participation in the study.

·         Confidentiality on information of all respondents was maintained.

 

REFERENCES:

1.        Ann Marie Helpenny, Jan Pettersen, Introducing Piagent: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Early Years Education 1^st ed. Routledge, 2013.

2.        Berk. LE. Child development. 7^thed. Noida; Dorling Kindersley,2006

3.        Malhotra S,Patra BN.Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis in India,http://www.capmh.com/content on 8/1/2014.

4.        Sharma R. Essential of Pediatric Nursing. 1^st ed. New Delhi; JAYPEE, 2013

5.        Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR, Cabral D, Mello M, Gertler PJ, et al. (2007) Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in developing world. The lancet 369.

 

 

 

Received on 09.10.2017          Modified on 30.10.2017

Accepted on 25.11.2017      ©A&V Publications All right reserved